The Guardian reports that Russia has enhanced its electronic warfare (EW) capabilities, making Ukrainian long-range drones less accurate. Ukrainian military officials note that Russian EW systems are more effectively disrupting navigation for cheaper attack drones.

To conduct large-scale attacks, Ukraine needs to launch hundreds of drones simultaneously, with strikes on the Moscow Refinery reportedly requiring up to 300. Russia is also expanding its own long-range arsenal, potentially producing 36,000 Shahed-type drones, 10,000 "Banderols," and a comparable number of "Dan-T" cruise missiles by 2027 for use against Ukrainian energy and critical infrastructure.